In my AEE 311 class last semester, we learned about motivation and how we as future Agricultural Educators can use both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation to drive our students’ growth and learning. We watched a TEDTalk by Daniel Pink on what truly motivates people and how previous notions regarding motivation can actually hinder performance. My own opinions regarding motivation were challenged and I became intrigued with the concept of motivation. So when it came time to choose a professional development book to read over the summer I was excited my cooperating teacher, Mr. Fellenbaum, also wanted to read Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us by Daniel H. Pink.
1. Carrots and Sticks, or extrinsic motivation, can actually reduce motivation.
When I first read that extrinsic motivation can actually reduce motivation in many instances, I couldn't really believe it. How could that be? I could see maybe "not affect", but reduce? Daniel Pink even stated, "For as long as any of us can remember, we've configured our organizations and constructed our lives around this assumption: The way to improve performance, increase productivity, and encourage excellence is to reward the good and punish the bad" (pg. 17).
However, the more I read, the more everything started to make sense. The use of external motivation to improve performance and productivity took off during the Industrial Revolution where everyone had a job similar to that of a machine part. Carrots and sticks worked well in that era but work poorly in today's society, where people have jobs that require creativity and other 21st century skills.
In fact, science shows that extrinsic motivation can be detrimental by reducing intrinsic motivation, performance, and creativity, while encouraging cheating/shortcuts and short-term thinking. The Accelerated Reader program was one memory that came to mind while reading this portion of the book. In elementary school, we had to read books and take tests to accrue a certain value of points each month. If we met our point value, we got some sort of prize. I loved reading from an early age, but I remember disliking reading books for Accelerated Reader. Instead of it being something I wanted to do, it became something I had to do. I also remember students reading enough books to reach their monthly points, but never more than that. They already reached the point that resulted in their external reward, so why go any further?
2. There is a place for both extrinsic and intrinsic motivation.
Pink starts off this chapter by discussing how an employee needs to feel they have adequate baseline rewards (income, benefits, etc.) before motivation of any kind will work well. This makes sense; in a way it is similar to students who perhaps didn't get enough sleep or are hungry while they're sitting in class. It's pretty hard to be motivated by anything when your basic needs aren't being met (Can someone say Maslow's hierarchy of needs??). That makes me wonder - how do teachers go about motivating students to learn and participate when their basic needs aren't being met in some way?
However, once someone has that baseline, then extrinsic motivation works quite well to increase performance for routine tasks that don't require creativity to accomplish. But if the task requires critical thinking and creativity, then intrinsic motivation is the way to go. The three elements of intrinsic motivation are autonomy, mastery, and purpose (which is discussed in later chapters of the book). I feel this is important to keep in mind in all aspects of our lives. One thing that got me excited when reading this is the possibility of introducing these concepts to FFA Officers, and then have them come up with ideas for how to motivate other members to participate for various activities/events.
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| Flow Chart showing effective ways to motivate people depending on the task/situation. |
3. Not everyone is created the same.
I'm really glad that Daniel Pink included this in his book. Similar to Type A and Type B people, Pink discusses what he calls Type I and Type X behavior. Type X behavior is fueled more by extrinsic desires than intrinsic ones, and Type I behavior is fueled more by intrinsic desires than extrinsic ones. Everyone has some of both behaviors in varying amounts. I think this is important to realize, because that means there isn't just one effective way to motivate all students. But it also makes me want to figure out ways to foster intrinsic motivation in each of my students next spring. Thankfully, I think the next few chapters are going to help me figure that out. In the words of Daniel Pink, "Type I behavior depends on three nutrients: autonomy, mastery, and purpose. Type I behavior is self-directed. It is devoted to becoming better at something that matters. And it connects that quest for excellence to a larger purpose" (pg. 78-79).